2016年1月20日 星期三

學習雜記 - 聲學(Acoustics) - Glossary - 聲音(Sound)與音色(Tone)的術語

前言:

我個人覺得要用文字去形容聲音是件很抽象的事。
之前在學習雜記有提過擁有聯覺(Synesthesia)的人,說不定就可以形容得很豐富。

例如,這音色黏黏的(觸覺),而且苦中帶甜(味覺)。
這音色會噴出一道淡棕色的光芒(視覺),有巧克力牛奶的香味(嗅覺)。

當然不是每個人都有聯覺,但卻用了很多非聽覺感官的形容詞做詮釋。
在這裡我想做個整理,期望能導回聽覺該有的確切定義。

個人是找到網路上整理出來的專有名詞表直釋,省去了一段蒐集的時間。

也許還有一些奇異的形容詞,
像我之前有提到的尖刺(Biting)、咆哮(Snarling),
有時間的話就來更新一下。

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翻譯:

起音:音調起始的酥脆感。或快或慢,清脆或頓濁。
attack: the initial crispness of the note; it can be fast or slow, crisp or dull.

平衡:樂器的特徵,指的是高、中、低頻的音色擁有非常接近的音量大小
balance: the characteristic of an instrument in which the upper, mid, and lower tones have very similar loudness.

低音:低位弦的音調。低頻。
bass: the notes on the lower strings; the lower frequencies.
(註:這裡的低位弦泛指吉他的第四、五、六弦的低音弦,
音高為E2 82Hz, A2 110Hz, G3 195Hz)

音繁期(?)開花期(X),繁榮期(X):音調在起音之後變大聲的時期。
bloom: the way a note seems to get louder just after the initial attack.

暸亮:強調高音部發音的高次諧波
bright: a pronounced upper harmonic that accentuates the upper register.
(註:諧音,或指諧波,這個也要另外解釋。高音部泛指高於2000Hz或3000Hz的音高。
這邊很難界定,但就吉他而言會是第一、二弦的B3 247Hz, E4 330Hz。
只不過就算第一弦22格的音高D6 1175Hz,以EQ來看都還不到2KHz。
另外,我只提到基音,沒把諧波算進去啦)。

樂鐘聲(Chime):持續延長且帶著閃閃發亮的高音諧波
chimey: sustains with shimmery, high harmonics.

品等(?)砍、劈、剁(X):泛指音樂上的熟練。
舉例來說,一個演奏者有良好的品等就是個技術純熟的表演者。
chops: refers to musical proficiency; for example, a player with good chops a skilled player.

合聲:物理上是指非常短的延遲,大概20 ~ 50ms與原來的訊號混合產生如夢似幻的效果。
副歌:一首歌中反覆重覆或是與主歌不一樣的段落。
chorus: in a song, the part that either repeats or is considerably different from the verse; electronically, a very short delay, 20-50 milliseconds, blended with the original signal for a dreamy effect.

清澈:音符與和絃能夠有區別且輪廓分明,但又不會太尖銳刺耳。
clarity: the way notes and chords are distinct and well defined, but not strident.

壓縮:一種將聲音調整的方法,以防止過大聲或太小聲,
維持整體音量到一個較狹窄的動態範圍(Dynamic Range);
壓縮也許會增加延音(Sustain),或者它可能會限制音量基準(Level)而產生破音(Distortion)。
compression: the way a sound is altered to prevent overly loud or overly soft sounds, keeping the overall volume to a narrower dynamic range; compression may enhance sustain, or it may limit the level that might cause distortion.
(註:對初學者來說,一個名詞解釋裡又看到延音動態範圍破音真的太殘忍了。
好在延音與動態範圍在這裡有解釋到。)

切割力:能從各式各樣的樂器和音色中被聽到或辨識到的能力。
通常跟音量大小、明顯的起音以及高次諧波含量。
cutting power
: the ability to be heard through a variety of instruments and tones. Usually associated with loudness, a pronounced attack and upper-harmonic content.

衰減:一段在起音之後的聲音部位,在起音與延音之間。
decay: the portion of the note immediately after the attack, just between attack and sustain.
(註:看這邊的圖就知道了: Roland專門術語詞典:Attack
起音隨時間來到最大音量的頂點,接著就會因為音量減少而往下走。
而往下的這一段就是衰減了。)

清晰度:清楚建構的音高與起音。
definition: clearly established pitch and attack.

深度:對低音的音調確定屬性;若一把吉他有好的深度,那就有很強的低音音調:
不刺耳,不爆音,不糊成一塊。
depth: the positive attribute of low notes; a guitar with good depth has strong – not strident, boomy or mushy – bass notes.

乾燥感:主要定義在基音(原音)以及低序的諧波含量;
常用來描述一把吉他音色沒有過於複雜的諧波含量。
dry or dryness: defined primarily by the fundamental and low-order harmonic content; often used to describe a guitar without complex harmonic content.

持續時間:通常跟延音做連結的一段時間測量;
一個彈奏一個和弦或一個單音持續的時間量。
(一般來說,多數的和絃能持續六到十二秒鐘。)
duration: a measure of time usually associated with sustain; the amount of time a chord or note lasts when played (most chords will last six to twelve seconds).

動態範圍:一項樂器從最小到最大聲,在能聽見的音樂有用輸出
dynamic range: The audible and musically usable output of an instrument from its quietest to its loudest.

力度變化:一項樂器在彈奏非常輕,輕輕地,中等,大力時產生不同音量的能力。
也可以說是吉他輸出從輕柔到吵嘈的範圍。請見動態範圍。
dynamics: an instrument’s ability to produce different sounds when played very softly, softly, medium, and hard; also, the range of the guitar’s output from soft to loud. See dynamic range.

反應平均:一項樂器產生出與振幅與諧波含量十分接近的音調。
evenness of response: when the notes from an instrument are very close in amplitude and harmonic content.
(註:這真的要看振幅的文章才會清楚。裡面會提到even harmonics、odd harmonics。)

飽滿:通常是指豐富的基音與諧音。
full: usually refers to abundant fundamental and harmonics.

基音:根音,與他的諧波含量分隔。
fundamental: the root note, separate from its harmonic content.

諧音:一項樂器自然出現聲音高峰的頻率響應,與根音之上的隔間,
八度音的形式,較高的四五度,和一些單間隔有關。
harmonics: the naturally occurring peaks in the frequency response of an instrument that correspond to intervals above the root note, in the form of octaves, higher fourths and fifths, and some odd intervals.
(註:這一定要把振幅講清楚才行了。)

聲調:一項樂器,用正確音準彈奏它的整個範圍,透過補償的技術來達成的能力。
intonation: the ability of an instrument to play in tune through its entire range, which is accomplished via a technique called compensation.
(註:這就是所謂的文縐縐的翻譯,企圖讓人看不懂。
用語言學來看就是語調的仰揚頓挫)

中頻:定義為吉他中位絃所彈出的聲音範圍;一段給予力度到音色上的聲音頻譜。
midrange: the range defined by the middle strings of the guitar; the part of the sound spectrum that gives punch to tone.

抹音:偶然拿來描述一把無琴格吉他的起初始敲擊或起音;
指介於起音音繁期與細緻震動嗡嗡聲的音色。
mwah: occasionally used to describe the initial onset or attack of a fretless bass; it is a tone between the bloom of the note and a subtle buzz.
(註:這是形容無琴格低音吉他發出特有音色的詞,第一次看到,真有趣。
俚語辭典是說,這有點像垂死的長頸鹿發出的聲音,又大又長又毛。)

有機的(?):自然聲響;沒有明顯的不平通,沒有電子聲。
organic: natural sounding; without an obvious imbalance; without electronics.
(註:叫RAW會不會比較好,有種未經處理的感覺。)

泛音:通常指從基音音調分離出的諧音含量之音色;
有時候用來描述全部聲音中不和諧或令人感到不舒服的音色。
overtones: usually describe the harmonic content of the notes, separate from the fundamental; sometimes used to describe dissonant or unpleasant tones that are part of the total voice.

打擊聲:通常指強烈的起音;在最近是指鼓類風格的打擊樂器產生的音色。
percussiveness: often associated with a strong attack; more recently, the tone generated by striking the instrument in the manner of a drum.

似鋼琴聲的:大聲響,有超清楚的基音和厚實的諧音;也與強烈,快速起音與長延音有關。
piano-like: big sounding, with bold harmonics and a super clear fundamental; also associated with a strong, quick attack and long sustain.

測音:一項樂器在鄰近區域之後的一段距離能被樂手聽到的能力。
projection: the ability of an instrument to be heard at a distance beyond the immediate area of the player.
(註:這也是超饒舌,)

切聲(?)用力按、用力擊(X):堅強的中頻與起音組合。
punch: the combination of strong mids and a strong attack.

共嗚:物質的自然趨向對特定的頻率產生共振;
用來描述對樂器是栩栩如生或缺乏它的口語詞。
resonance: the natural tendency of materials to vibrate at particular frequencies; the colloquial term to describe the liveliness of an instrument, or the lack of it.

響應諧波含量的組合以及樂手對吉他的感覺。
response: a combination of the harmonic content and the way the guitar feels to the player.

豐富:擁有豐富諧波含量的一項樂器。
rich: an instrument with abundant harmonic content.

鈴音:持續的清澈音色。
rings: sustains with clarity.

挖空(中頻):與平坦響應弧線做比較的話,一個被舀出的曲線在中頻有較寬闊的舀空狀。
scooped: compared to a flat response curve, a scooped curve has a broad dip in the midrange frequencies.
(註:看圖就知道了,Google圖片: EQ + Scooped)

分離:音與音之間的清澈度,被描繪成能聽見個別音的能力。
separation: the clarity between notes, characterized by the ability to hear each note.

微微發光的:比耀眼的聲音還要有更多的高諧音,還有延展的更高頻。
shimmery: even more high harmonics than sparkly, and extending to higher frequencies.

耀眼的:一堆獨有的高諧音音調。
sparkly: lots of separate high harmonics of the notes.

延音:在初始起音及當音調達到最大聲短暫區段之後的可聽見音調時間長度。
sustain: the length of time the note is audible after the initial attack, and the brief period while the note is at its loudest.
(註:超饒舌,請參見參考網站Attack的那張圖,第三段就是延音時間。
應該是想表達起音最大聲後還有衰減期,到第三段維持一定音量才是延音。)

打音:敲打一片拿來做吉他面板與背板的預切木頭,然後聽它的音色;
用來表達一把吉他的面板、背板,協助製琴師控制、增益,調整,
或者用其它方式來改變吉他的聲音。
tap tone: tapping a piece of wood pre-cut for a guitar back or top and listening for the tone; used to voice a guitar’s top and back, helping the luthier to control, enhance, adjust, or otherwise alter the voice of a guitar.

厚度:與個別音符有緊密關係的強勁諧音
thick: strong harmonics closely related to the individual notes.

音質:一個製造樂器全面音色特質的群組特性。
例如,重低音,重高音,或良好的平衡。也許中頻豐富或是呈現舀空狀,
而不同方面的諧波含量可能較其它種類持續更久。
timbre: a group of characteristics that create the overall tonal character of the instrument. Overall tonal character may be bass heavy, treble heavy, or well balanced; the midrange may be prominent or scooped; various aspects of the harmonic content may sustain longer than others.

音調升高與衰減時間:是指一張定義聲音與振幅有關的極重要圖表。
一開始起音出現,花了幾毫秒的上揚時間,
接著衰減是從最高振幅至音調穩定延音前的極短暫區段,
之後釋放是指振幅迅速減弱到它聽不到之前的區段。
tonal rise and decay time: half of the scheme by which a sound is defined with respect to amplitude. Attack is first, rise time is the few milliseconds immediately after, decay is the very brief period from the highest amplitude to when the note settles into its sustain period, and release is the rapid decline in amplitude before it becomes inaudible.
(註:在Decay的註釋裡有網站連結可以看圖。
簡單說,這個圖表的X軸是時間,Y軸是振幅,用這兩個關係可以畫出
起始時間→衰減時間→延音時間→釋放時間。)

高音:高音弦的音調;高頻。
treble: the notes on the upper strings; the upper frequencies.
(註:泛指吉他第一、二弦的聲音頻率。)

聲音(嗓音):泛指音色、音質、音量、共嗚,以及各種其它方面的吉他聲音總稱。
voice: the total package of the tone, timbre, volume, resonance, and all other aspects of the guitar’s sound.

音量:樂器的響度;被樂器主體封閉的曲調總量。
volume: the loudness of an instrument; the amount of air enclosed by the body of the instrument.
(註:太文縐縐了,就調整大小聲的設定叫音量啊。)

溫暖:稍微柔化的中高次諧波,留下的音調帶著較少的尖利起音。
warmth: slightly softened mids and upper harmonics, leaving a less sharp attack of the notes.

參考資料:

Breedlove Guitar - Tone - Glossary

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後記:

一、什麼脆啦鈍啦、厚啦薄啦(觸覺)、暗啦亮啦(視覺),都拿來形容音色了。
個人覺得這是從錄音時的量化視覺圖來形容的,用時間與振幅來紀錄基音與諧音,
如此一來就可以用視覺來形容聲音了。

二、有時間來看一下發光的等級是怎麼排的,
什麼sparkle, shimmer, shine,查了字典還有twinkle, gleam, glitter, glimmer。
外國人真的很愛形容閃閃發光喔。我猜跟形容日、月、星光有關。

三、斷斷續續的翻完這些名詞,希望大家能因此受用。
在此也把以前矇矇懂懂的英文詞彙用中文解釋了一遍,真是一舉二得。

2 則留言:

  1. 感謝整理,在溝通上很有用,謝謝!

    回覆刪除
  2. 低音:低位弦的音調。低頻。
    bass: the notes on the lower strings; the lower frequencies.
    (註:這裡的低位弦泛指吉他的第四、五、六弦的低音弦,
    音高為E2 82Hz, A2 110Hz, G3 195Hz)

    這邊改成音高為E2 82.407Hz, A2 110Hz, D3 146.83Hz會不會更洽當? G3可能算是中頻?

    回覆刪除